Elemental metals are pure substances formed from the same metal elements. In general, the properties of an elemental metal are closely related to the properties of its elements. For example, the metallic properties of many metals are very obvious, so their elemental reducibility is very strong. Substances with positive temperature resistivity are usually defined as metals. There are 90 metal elements in the periodic table of 112 elements. Located at the lower left of the "boron-astatine boundary", there are metal elements in the 5 regions of s-block, p-block, d-block, and f-block, and all transition elements are metal elements. Metals are flexible, mainly characterized by reducibility, glossy surface, good electrical and thermal conductivity, hard quality, and most of them are malleable. Except for mercury (liquid), all other metals are solid at room temperature. Most pure metals are silver-white (gray), only a few are not, such as gold is yellow-red, copper is purple-red. In nature, most metals exist in a compound state, and a few metals such as gold, silver, platinum, and bismuth exist in a free state.
According to the usage habits of scientific researchers and the metals that can be provided for research and utilization, we divide them into 8 categories, with a total of 63 metal elements, as shown in the figure above. You can click on the metal name to enter the page for details.
Except for a few metals such as tin, antimony, bismuth, etc., the number of electrons in the outermost shell of atoms is greater than or equal to 4, the number of electrons in the outermost shell of most metal atoms is less than 4, and the electron arrangement of the main group metal atoms is ns1 or ns2 or ns2np(1-4), the electronic arrangement of transition metals can be expressed as (n-1)d(1-10)ns(1-2). The atomic radii of the main group metal elements are larger than those of the non-metallic elements of the same period (except rare gases).
Depending on how the atoms are arranged within the substance, solid matter can be divided into two broad categories: crystalline and amorphous. A substance with a regular arrangement of atoms inside is a crystal, such as a solid metal; a non-crystal—a substance with a random arrangement of atoms inside. Such as rosin, glass, etc. The crystal structure of a metal refers to the arrangement of atoms inside the metal material, which determines the microstructure characteristics and macroscopic properties of the material. Common crystal structure types in metals are: body-centered cubic (BCC) such as iron, tungsten, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, etc., face-centered cubic (FCC) such as aluminum, copper, silver, gold, nickel, lead, etc., hexagonal close-packed (HCP) Such as titanium, zirconium, magnesium, zinc, etc., and some metals have multiple crystal structures, such as the crystal structure of iron, which has both face-centered cubic and body-centered cubic.
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